环境监测点位“组合校验码”编码模型及编码管理系统设计

分析了环境监测点位编码管理中存在的问题,提出科学合理的编码应该是具有科学性、唯一性、稳定性、简明性、规范性、可扩展性等特点。设计了一种简单"组合校验码"模型来适应不同环境要素类型的环境监测工作需要。同时,设计了一套覆盖各层级环境监测机构,各种环境要素类型,适应市场化监测服务,满足不同点位管控类别的编码管理系统来支撑"组合校验码"模型的使用,通过该系统可以有效解决环境监测数据集成程度低、共享困难等问题。     

环境监测技术服务社会化的政策文本研究

以部分省(市)颁布的29份环境监测技术服务社会化政策为研究样本,将市场准入、监测领域、运行管理和监督制裁作为政策文本的分析框架进行计量分析。部分省(市)相关规定具有一定的创新性,使以往混乱的社会环境监测技术服务市场进一步规范化;但多数省(市)的环境监测技术服务社会化政策存在市场准入条件苛刻、监测领域有待放开、运行管理模式僵化、监督制裁手段单一等难题。最后提出放宽市场准入条件、有序开放监测领域、构建多元管理模式、完善监督制裁体系等4项建议对上述难题予以回应。     

化学药品原料药制造业自行监测技术指南设计研究

通过分析化学药品原料药制造业的基本情况、产品种类和生产工艺,以及自行监测技术指南编制的目的和基本要求,梳理出确定监测点位和对应多项污染物排放标准为目前该行业自行监测技术指南编制工作的难点。根据以上分析,提出将指南按工艺类型拆分、监测点位和废气监测指标的确定、监测频次的优化、生产记录内容的设定列为指南编制工作的重点。     

Monitoring,imperfect detection,and risk optimization of a Tasmanian devil insurance population

Most species are imperfectly detected during biological surveys, which creates uncertainty around their abundance or presence at a given location. Decision makers managing threatened or pest species are regularly faced with this uncertainty. Wildlife diseases can drive species to extinction; thus, managing species with disease is an important part of conservation. Devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) is one such disease that led to the listing of the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) as endangered. Managers aim to maintain devils in the wild by establishing disease‐free insurance populations at isolated sites. Often a resident DFTD‐affected population must first be removed. In a successful collaboration between decision scientists and wildlife managers, we used an accessible population model to inform monitoring decisions and facilitate the establishment of an insurance population of devils on Forestier Peninsula. We used a Bayesian catch‐effort model to estimate population size of a diseased population from removal and camera trap data. We also analyzed the costs and benefits of declaring the area disease‐free prior to reintroduction and establishment of a healthy insurance population. After the monitoring session in May–June 2015, the probability that all devils had been successfully removed was close to 1, even when we accounted for a possible introduction of a devil to the site. Given this high probability and the baseline cost of declaring population absence prematurely, we found it was not cost‐effective to carry out any additional monitoring before introducing the insurance population. Considering these results within the broader context of Tasmanian devil management, managers ultimately decided to implement an additional monitoring session before the introduction. This was a conservative decision that accounted for uncertainty in model estimates and for the broader nonmonetary costs of mistakenly declaring the area disease‐free.     

CMT监测井在黑河流域地下水监测中的应用

以CMT监测井在黑河流域的应用为基础,通过对监测数据和采集的水样进行分析,了解了黑河流域地下水水位动态变化,掌握了黑河流域地下水水化学垂向分布规律,为合理利用黑河流域水资源提供了科学依据。     

日本水环境质量监测管理概述

伴随着日本经济的高速发展,其水环境污染问题十分严峻,防治水污染成为日本政府在20—21世纪的重要工作之一。经过几十年的努力,日本水污染治理取得长足进展。目前日本水环境监测已经形成由水和土壤等方面组成的水循环监测体系,包括地表水、近海、湖泊、地下水和土壤等。在日本的重要环保法律法规中均有涉及水环境监测工作内容的明确法律条文,国家行政机关、地方政府和公立的科研单位在具体实施水环境质量监测过程中的职责和义务不同,水环境质量监测管理的国家行政机关以环境省为主,地方政府根据环境省制定的水环境质量标准、监测技术方法及规范,制定所辖地域的监测方案并实施监测,公立的环境科研机构在环境质量监测工作中起到重要的支撑作用。笔者概述了日本开展水环境质量监测的法律依据和监测管理情况等。     

环境监测事业单位科研管理组织与构建

以江苏省环境监测中心科研管理为例,分析了江苏省现有条件下的环境监测事业单位科研性质和科研管理的主要模式、存在的弊端及今后发展,尝试通过对环境监测网络建设实施方案和地区规划的解读,寻找环境监测科研的研究方向和管理模式,紧密结合江苏省环境监测系统科研管理特点,提出科研管理方案设想和可实现的具体步骤。     

Temporal and Spatial Trends in Nutrient and Sediment Loading to Lake Tahoe,California‐Nevada,USA

Since 1980, the Lake Tahoe Interagency Monitoring Program (LTIMP) has provided stream‐discharge and water quality data—nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and suspended sediment—at more than 20 stations in Lake Tahoe Basin streams. To characterize the temporal and spatial patterns in nutrient and sediment loading to the lake, and improve the usefulness of the program and the existing database, we have (1) identified and corrected for sources of bias in the water quality database; (2) generated synthetic datasets for sediments and nutrients, and resampled to compare the accuracy and precision of different load calculation models; (3) using the best models, recalculated total annual loads over the period of record; (4) regressed total loads against total annual and annual maximum daily discharge, and tested for time trends in the residuals; (5) compared loads for different forms of N and P; and (6) tested constituent loads against land use‐land cover (LULC) variables using multiple regression. The results show (1) N and P loads are dominated by organic N and particulate P; (2) there are significant long‐term downward trends in some constituent loads of some streams; and (3) anthropogenic impervious surface is the most important LULC variable influencing water quality in basin streams. Many of our recommendations for changes in water quality monitoring and load calculation methods have been adopted by the LTIMP.     

我国典型村庄农村环境质量监测与评价

选取典型村庄,基于农村环境质量监测和评价方法,对典型村庄2014年农村环境质量进行监测和评价,结果表明:典型村庄环境空气质量状况总体良好,达标比例为82.0%,超标村庄多分布在中国西北地区;农村饮用水源地水质较差,总体水质达标比例为67.1%,地表水和地下水饮用水源地水质达标比例分别为89.8%和52.6%;农村地表水环境质量欠佳,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面占72.7%,饮用水水源地和地表水水质各地区均存在超标村庄;部分地区土壤重金属超标问题较为突出,出现监测项目超标情况村庄占20.6%,土壤超标村庄主要集中在中国东北、华中和华南等地区;农村生态质量状况相对较好,"较差"和"差"的县域主要分布在中国西北和华中北部地区。     

基于地面监测数据的2013~2015年长三角地区PM2.5时空特征

近年来,长三角地区灰霾天气持续增多,空气细颗粒物污染问题日益突出。基于2013年1月至2015年5月长三角地区及周边缓冲区内共214个空气质量监测站点PM_2.5逐时监测数据,运用普通克里金插值方法,从年、季、月尺度上分析了PM_2.5的空间分布格局和时间动态变化。结果表明:(1)2 a来,长三角地区PM_2.5浓度空间分布明显呈现整体北部高南部低,局部地区略有突出的分布特征;长三角地区PM_2.5浓度年均值为57.08μg/m³;其中,江苏省PM_2.5的年均值为三省市最高,为65.84μg/m³;其次为上海市,年均值为53.87μg/m³;浙江省PM_2.5的年均值较小,为51.53μg/m³。(2)从季节尺度分析,长三角地区PM_2.5浓度变化表现出冬春季高,夏秋季低的变化趋势;这与区域内冬季风向来源、降水稀少、气象扩散条件差有着密切的关系; (3)长三角地区月浓度变化大致呈U形分布; 12月份PM_2.5浓度最高; 3月份以后, PM_2.5浓度开始呈逐步下降趋势;在5~9月份,区域PM_2.5处于"U"字的谷底,其中6月份夏收时期秸秆焚烧、气象等因素导致PM_2.5浓度有略微升高;进入10月份后迅速攀升,且11、12月份呈现持续升高态势。